Missed Class

I missed class today because i am sick.

After Rome!

Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe

• The Germanic Barbarians
• Barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe
• Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilated other barbarian peoples who lived beyond the frontiers and were sill pagans
• The angles and the Saxons (from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons
• Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century
• The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks
• But the real power lay with the "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves

Meanwhile, back in the Eastern Empire…

• From "Eastern Empire" to "Byzantium"
• The Eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now divided up by the barbarian tribes
• When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527, he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by re-conquering the western territories
• Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarian tribes and massive plague depopulated much of the west.

It’s a Christian Empire Now

• Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman emperors and the heads of the Christian Church

• Byzantines preserved Greco- Roman art, architecture, philosophy and writing despite much of it being non- Christian
• Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia ("holy wisdom") in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time

Nomadic Tribes

• Huns migrate from China to Eastern Europe
• A member of a nomadic pastoralist people who invaded Europe in the fourth and fifth centuries a.d.
•  were defeated in 455.

• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
• A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century a.d.
• settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.

• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
•  A member of a Germanic people that overran Gaul, Spain, and northern Africa in the fourth and fifth centuries a.d.
• sacked Rome in 455.

• Other barbarian tribes:
• Ostrogoth in Italy
• One of a tribe of eastern Goths that conquered
• ruled Italy from a.d. 493 to 555.
• Franks in Gaul
• A member of one of the Germanic tribes of the Rhine region in the early Christian era
•  especially one of the Salian Franks who conquered Gaul about a.d. 500
• established an extensive empire that reached its greatest power in the ninth century.
• Angles and Saxons in Britain
• Angles- A member of a Germanic people that migrated to England from southern Jutland in the 5th century a.d.
• Saxons-  A member of a West Germanic tribal group that inhabited northern Germany
• founded the kingdoms of North Umbria, East Anglia, and Mercia, and together with the Jutes and Saxons formed the Anglo-Saxon peoples.

Test Wednesday

1)How many edicts did Diocleation make? Four

2) who was the apostle who was responsible for the speard of christianity? Paul

3) what's and edict? an offfical order

4) What is significant about Constatine's family? they were christian .

5) Sum up what the four edicts were about? they all had to do with punishing christians

6) What was that edict of Milan? Constitine gave all of the Christian there rights back, also there land and property. Also said that you can not perscute for someone's religion

Today in West Civ, we made questions for our test on Wednesday. I think that I might have a chance of actually doing good on it. I am actually a little upset with my grade and wish that I had a better one, but I guess that it just goes to show that I need to work harder than I am now.

The Roman Empire Struggles.

99 Problems (here's just a few)

• In the third century A.D.
• Epidemic disease spread throughout the Empire
• Its too hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians
• Emperors began to loos their hold on power
• Stayed in power for an average of two and a half years due to wars
• Maintaining armies is expensive
• Too many poverty-stricken citizens

Diocletian to the rescue!

• 284 AD- Diocletian's reform
• Increase the size of the army to 400,000
• Bigger than during Augustus's time
• Recruit from the ranks of the barbarians
• Divide Roman territories into smaller provinces
• This new government had 20,000 officials
• Ten times more than under Augustus
• They were more efficient at collecting higher taxes- this greater yield provided for a larger army

Time Marches On

• 300 AD
• 60 million people in the Roman empire
• Several million are Christians
• Christianity has quite an appeal to the poor and disenfranchised
• More Christians- more face-to-face contacts- more conversions- more offspring
• Some Christians are even gaining positions of power, becoming the ruling elite

To persecute, or to not to persecute

• Diocletian (ruled from 284-305) left Christians alone at first

• Then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all *
• Diocletian's goal was to wipe out the who church. He hunted down Christians and their Scriptures. He especially loved to get hold of church leaders. He was trying to turn them back to paganism, to the old Roman religion with the emperor as a God. Therefore, anyone he caught and tried could be released by offering a sacrifice to the gods or to the emperor. Diocletian also decided to burn down all of their church buildings.
• The edict
• 1st -- > destruction of the church and burning the scriptures
• 2nd -- > Christians would be tortured and killed
• 3rd -- > Bishops and leaders would be taken  & prisoners & tortured for the sacrifice to the human gods.
• 4th -- > all Christians had to offer a sacrifice to the god.

• Constantine rules as emperor 306-337
• What was his connection with Christianity? *
• When the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, who controlled from 306 to 337 lead Rome, Christianity became the main religion of the Empire. Historians are still unsure about his reasons for favoring Christianity, and theologians and historians debated about which form of Christianity he promised to. Although Constantine had been open to Christianity by his mom Helena, there is no agreement between scholars as to whether he accepted his mother's Christianity in his childhood, or as he got older through his life and he didn’t get baptized until right before he died.
• Grew up in a Christian family.
• Eusebius a historian who actually spoke to Constantine who saw what happened at the battle where he put the Christian sign on his shield.
• Edict of Milan stated that they couldn’t kill anyone because of their religion.
• Also if you were a Christian and you got you land taken away now you will get it back

• How did he restructure the empire?*
• Expanded autocratic policies of Diocletian 
• Divided into Garrison troops: front lines, and Mobile units: behind as back-up 
• Gave empire greater flexibility in responding to invasion 
• Managed to introduce new gold coin: solidus, and new silver coins that remained in circulation during his reign 
• Building programs 
• 324-330 constructed new capital city on Byzantium, shore of Bosporus 
• named Constantinople (Istanbul) "New Rome" 
• defense strategic location, w/ forum, palaces, amphitheater, churches 
• public baths, Arch of Constantine, first to build churches, first basilica to Saint Peter 
• gave grants to Christian leaders, symbolizing Christianity's growing role 

Diocleation and Constitine

Today in West Civ, we took notes on the Roman Empire Struggles. We learned a lot about the problems that 
Then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all *

• Diocletian's goal was to wipe out the who church. He hunted down Christians and their Scriptures. He especially loved to get hold of church leaders. He was trying to turn them back to paganism, to the old Roman religion with the emperor as a God. Therefore, anyone he caught and tried could be released by offering a sacrifice to the gods or to the emperor. Diocletian also decided to burn down all of their church buildings

What was Constitine connection to Christianity? *

• When the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, who controlled from 306 to 337 lead Rome, Christianity became the main religion of the Empire. Historians are still unsure about his reasons for favoring Christianity, and theologians and historians debated about which form of Christianity he promised to. Although Constantine had been open to Christianity by his mom Helena, there is no agreement between scholars as to whether he accepted his mother's Christianity in his childhood, or as he got older through his life and he didn’t get baptized until right before he died. 

How did he restructure the empire?*

• Expanded autocratic policies of Diocletian 
• Divided into Garrison troops: front lines, and Mobile units: behind as back-up 
• Gave empire greater flexibility in responding to invasion 
• Managed to introduce new gold coin: solidus, and new silver coins that remained in circulation during his reign 
• Building programs 
• 324-330 constructed new capital city on Byzantium, shore of Bosporus 
• named Constantinople (Istanbul) "New Rome" 
• protected strategic location, with a forum, palaces, amphitheater, churches 
• public baths, Arch of Constantine, first to build churches, first basilica to Saint Peter 
• gave grants to Christian leaders, symbolizing Christianity's growing role 

Starting Christianity

Christianity - roots

• All begins with Jesus
• Most of what we know of Jesus comes from the "Gospels" of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
• Means "good news"
• Jesus was a Jewish itinerant preacher in Judea who set himself apart from other "Messiahs"
• Taught that one must strive for perfection since God was perfect
• Jesus sought out the imperfect in society
• Jesus' followers believed he was the "Messiah" who had come to end the world and bring the truly faithful into the kingdom of God
• Jesus was believed to be both man and the son of God; both human and divine
• Jesus was deemed a threat to Roman rule and was crucified, though his followers believed he rose from the dead and ascended to heave
• The followers of Jesus who attempted to spread the word of his teachings were know as the apostles

• Start spreading the news
• Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who became a follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision on the road to Damascus
• Paul talked of "predestination" which meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be damned
• Paul was well-travelled, he helped found churches in many places and he kept in touch with these new Christians by letters (Corinth, Thessalonia, Rome, Ephesus)
• He helped take off the spread of Christianity

Rome Test

Today in west civ we took a Rome test. I had no idea this was actully coming and i am really disappionted in my grade. I actually thought that i did a lot better. Over the weekend though we had to write a paper on Pax Romana and it was actually kind of interesting. But for the last question I put that it was a Greek word and not a Latin one. That was a really stupid thing to put on my part. I always think to hard about it then never get it right. Ughh. Oh well. I'm hoping that they paper will atleast help my grade a little.

Pixton

http://Pixton.com/ic:y26h5zr1
this is the link to our pixton and I worked with Nicolette!

Starting Rome!

• About 500 B.C. Rome became a Greek-style city-state that was no longer ruled by kinds, but by the Republic
• More stable and more effective than any other in Greece

• Italy and its people
• In the era of Indo-European migrations, when the Hitties moved into Asia Minor and the Greeks into the Aegean, other tribes moved into Italy
• This land was similar to those of Greece or Palestine.
• They were just able to support a bigger population
• The indo- Europeans
• Formed various tribal groups
• Among them the Latin people of central Italy.
• Some of the Latin's settled ear the mouth of the Tiber River
• Building clusters of dwellings on low-lying hills along the river.
• Around 750 B.C. these settlements joined to form a single city-state, Rome
• These people were only one of many peoples that lived in Italy, two of which were to have a decisive influence on the growth of Roman civilization
• The Etruscans
• Non-Indo-European immigrants who gained control of territory to the north of the Latin's that the Romans called Etruria
• In the 7th century these kings ruled Rome itself.

• The Roman Republic: the senate and the people
• patricians and plebeians are diffrent because one is upper- class and one is just commons 

Vocab:

Patricians: upper-class citizens who belonged to the oldest and noblest Roman families

Republic: in reference to ancient Rome, the system of city-state government in which decision-making power was shared between the Senate and assemblies of male citizens

Plebeians: the Roman common people, including workers, small farmers, and wealthy people who were not patricians

Senate: in ancient Rome, a government assembly appointed by the king, and under the Republic by the consuls; originally all members were patricians, but in time wealthy plebeians were appointed as well.

Consuls: in the roman republic, two senators who left the government and military for one-year terms and appointed their own successors.

Dictator: in the roman republic, a single leader with full decision-making powers, appointed for a maximum six-month term during times of emergency

Tribunes: Magistrates elected by the plebeians, who eventually gained the power to initiate and veto laws

Client: a person who provides personal services in return for money and protection from a patron

Patron: a wealthy person who supports others with money and protection in exchange for person services

Pontiff: in ancient Rome, one of the republic's leading priests

Paterfamilias: the "family father", in ancient Rome, who had unlimited power over his household

Matron: title given to a married woman in ancient Rome.

Alexander the Great

Birth

• born in 356 B.C. in Pella Macedonia
• there is a lot of talk regarding the divinity of Alexander

modern historians would most likely agree that he was not a god, but they could never say that to Alexander

• from conception his mother maintained that it was not her husband that impregnated her, but rather a serpent (closely identified with the god, Zeus)

Tutored By Aristotle

• Philip II of Macedon invited Aristotle to tutor his son in 343 B.C.
• Aristotle was appointed as head of the royal academy of Macedon
• He encouraged Alexander toward the eastern conquest, and his attitude towards Persia was unabashedly judging another culture solely by the values and  standards of one's own culture

Bucephalus

• the name means "ox head"

• Alexander won the horse (which was 13 talents) after succedding to tame Bucephalus

• he was the only one that was able to tame the horse

• Other wise Philip II would have purchased it himself.

King Phillip II of Macedon

• Was the father of Alexander the Great
• He was the kind of Macedon from 359 B.C. until he was assassinated in 336 B.C
• Philips extraordinary military skill allowed him to be a very successful leader. During his rule, he had conquered a large part of upper Greece
• He and Alexander did not get along very well. King Philip also had many wives

Olympia

• Mother of Alexander the Great
• Alexander had a better relationship with Alexander
• Was King Phillips 4th wife
• Not from Macedon
• First woman to bare a child for him

Zeus (also known as the father or Alexander the Great)

• First addressed as son of Zeus by ancient oracle of Ammon at Siwa

• He was starting to be through of being man and god

• People described this moment as the turning point in his divinity
• He has an esteemed arrogance in himself, but this just gave him an overload of confidence

Phillips Death

• His own body guard killed him
• In Macedonia everything was ready for the grand celebration for the wedding of Philip's daughter Cleopatra to prince Alexander of Epirus, brother of Olympus
• Philip was struck by a dagger and killed on the spot
• The assassin tried to escape but tripped and was killed on the spot by few close friends of Philips son Alexander

Decisive Military Battles and Their Importance

• Alexander the great dought many decisice battles over his military career as an officer, these ranged from the battles fought in Asia, to the battles fought in the northern tip of Africa
• These battles were fought during most of Alexander's adult life and he nearly conquered every major world power in the Western World at the time.

• ****Alexander fought in his own battles***
• Some battles that defines his military careers were:
• The battle of Granicus
• The Battle of Issus
• The Battle of Tyre
• The Battle of Gaugamela

• All of these battles were fought during his military campaign in the Asia Minor

• Alexander nearly conquered all of the know world to "his" knowledge before his men started to complain of never going back

Conquering Egypt

• Conquered all of Egypt 332 B.C.
• After his conquest he also marries at least two women from egypt
• He managed to conquer Egypt around the age of 24

Battling the Persians

• Tried to take on Persia but there army was way to great
• They ended up winning after 4 years
• Soon to be faced by a new enemy, however his own troops

Invasion of India

• after alexander the great had conquered Persia, his trooped moved towards the Indian subcontinent

• This conquering of the north western parts of India marked an important point in India's history

• He won all of the battles in India

Chapter 4 Test!

Today in West Civ we took the Chapter 4 Test. It wasn't that hard and my blog helped me a little bit. The quarter ends on Friday though and I am really nervous because I really need a B. I think that I did good on the test. Some of them I didn't really know though because I never got to go to the review class because of a softball game. I should have just stayed in class because it would have been so much better. But the study guide over all helped a ton! so thank you for letting us use that Mr.Schick

Review Sheet

Today in West Civ we went over the Greek Outline but i had to leave early because of a softball game. Nicolette sent me the notes so that I could study them

CLASSICAL GREECE

and

The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization

Want to do well on the next test?  Here’s where to start:  Know what’s on this sheet.  Post the answers on your blog.  Find the answers by checking your text, doing independent research, taking good notes while watching the video, or referring to the website that accompanies the video: http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks .

IMPORTANT DATES:  In a sentence or two, describe what important or historical event took place on the following dates:

1600 – 1200 BC- The Mycenaean Civilization

1150 – 750 BC- The Dark Ages

776 BC- Origin of the Olympic Games (first Olympic games began)

c. 750 – 700 BC- Homer (blind poet) composed the Iliad and the Odyssey then sang & recited it to people

621 BC- Draco set up his own law code. FOR EXAMPLE: if you were doing surgery and poked out someone’s eye, you would have you eye poked out as punishment (NOT ON TEST)

508 BC- the first time in human history that anybody had a revolution and overtook their government (turned on and threw out Isagoris and seized power for themselves) first time in history ordinary people rose up against government(rose up against Isagoris)

490 BC- The Persians lost the first decisive battle to the Athenians at Marathon.

480 BC- The Battle of Salamis (Xerxes tried to get avenge his father but lost) Xerxes attacked Athens to get revenge (Straight of Salamis)

461-429- Age of Pericles/Golden Age  

447 – 438 BC- Pericles built the Parthenon

431 – 404 BC- The Peloponnesian War (Athens vs. Sparta) Sparta won. (Spartans were going to surrender but they didn’t have the supplies so they didn’t) Pericles declared war on Sparta

399 BC- Trial of Socrates (death) they needed someone to blame for the loss of the war and since Socrates questioned everything, was disrespectful, and was charged for corrupting the youth and impiety, they made him drink Hemlock and it killed him

MEN, WOMEN, GODS AND GODDESSES YOU SHOULD KNOW:  In one or two sentences, describe what is significant (important) about the following people (or immortals):

Homer- a blind poet who composed and told the stories of the Trojan War called “The Iliad and The Odyssey” during the Dark Ages

Odysseus- main character in The Odyssey tried to get home but kept getting thrown off course

Zeus- The King God and Greek God of the Sky, Father of the Gods

Athena- the Patron Goddess of Athens, Goddess of wisdom

Pisistratus- A good Tyrant who came to Athens to see someone who he was told was Athena and he cuts taxes on the lower classes then lends them money at little or no interest so it’s easier for them to but things of their interests. (Tyrant, gave commoners more power, turned Athens into a powerful city-state, and used a fake Athena to gain power)

Cleisthenes- another great Tyrant who the people put in charge after they threw out Isagoris (Aristocrat, took power from Hippias, when people threw out Isagoris they gave him power)

Darius (the Great) - King of Persia before Xerxes who tried to conquer all of Greece but stopped when he lost the Battle of Athens

Xerxes- tried to avenge his father but was defeated in the strait of Salamis(Persian, son of Darius, wanted to avenge his father’s loss, tricked by Athenian messenger, lost in straight of Salamis)

Pheidippides- the runner, in charge of telling the Spartans (heroic) ran 140 miles in 2 days to get the Spartans help and they turned him down 

Themistocles- was elected by the people because of democracies wasn’t an aristocrat, got them ready, but then was ostracized (imployed trireme, was not an aristocrat, put spin on Oracles response

Pericles- changed the face of Athens by building the democracy and strengthening the empire and building the Parthenon, his lover was Aspasia (refined, capable, intelligent, educated, beautiful woman who would have sex with rich, powerful men) *classy prostitute* (proposed Parthenon for mark of wealth, presented war with Sparta, Delian League)

Aristophanes- Greek playwright who specialized in comedies (lot of dirty jokes)

Socrates- an ancient Greek scholar who was put to death by Hemlock in 399 BC (Greek thinker, interested only in mind and thinking, questioned authority (impiety, corrupted children’s minds)

LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION:  Be able to locate the following on a map:

Athens                         Sparta                                      Peloponnesus                          Ionia

Ionian Sea                               Aegean Sea                             Persian Empire

GREEK POLITICAL STRUCTURES: Describe these political institutions:

Monarchy- supreme power is held by a single, usually hereditary ruler (a monarch)

Democracy- government where all adult male citizens can take part in decision making                

Oligarchy- supreme power is held by a small group             

Aristocracy- government in which power is held by the upper class

PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS: Name ‘em; describe ‘em.

1. Strengthen Athenian democracy- (Increased number of paid elected officials so everyone could afford to work for government, not just wealthy) 2. Hold and strengthen the empire- (Strengthen: Used money from Delian League to strength navy. Empire: His navy would protect other Delian League members) 3. Glorify Athens- (Stole money from Delian League and built Parthenon)

GREEK ART: Identify and describe examples in these fields:

Sculpture- Gigantic (35 ft. tall) wooden statue of Athena that was placed in the main inner chamber of the Parthenon (sculpted by Phidias-the most highly respected sculptor of Athens in the Golden Age who carved all of the Parthenon sculptures)       

Architecture- Building the Temple (Parthenon of Athens) was designed about 450 BC by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates as part of Pericles’ plan for rebuilding the Acropolis after the Persians had destroyed the earlier sacred structures there.                                  

Drama (tragedy and comedy) - Began in Greece. Tragedy- The Trojan Women (Euripides was the youngest of the Great Greek tragedians and had the deepest insight into human character. He was radical and he challenged the traditional religious and moral values of his time. He opposed slavery and showed the “other side” of war. In The Trojan Women, the battle ends with a broken-hearted woman sitting on the ground holding a dead child in her arms. Comedies-included a lot of “toilet talk” and bad jokes.   

3-14

Today in West Civ we found out that it was Seho's birthday! Mr.Schick kept trying to make him wear the birthday hat but he wasn't so into that like the other kids might be. He also went on youtube to try and find a video of Korean birthday song.. but that didn't work out so well... I think that Seho might have been a little creaped out by what we were doing to him. We also started to look at a picture on the screen, but then too many people were talking and he got angry. Sorry about that Mr.Schick. When he came back he said we had a free class to do whatever we wanted. I tried to work on my study guide but I didnt get to finish because we ran out of time and i also couldn't find all of the words.